![]() Thus, has one of lowest reproductive rates of any wild land mammal in North America. By 4th summer, 44% of females breed, and all by 5th summer. Females mostly breed in alternate yr, some as early as 3rd yr. ![]() Young nurse for at least 6 mo and stay with female for 1.5 yr, but can survive on own at 7 mo. One to 6 young born (average = 1.6 to 2.6). Most young born from late January to early February while female is denned. Ovulation induced by copulation implantation of blastocyst delayed approximately 4 mo. Reproduction: Mid-June to mid-July is peak estrus. Territory: Females may be territorial in some areas (Piekielek and Burton 1975). In western Washington, home ranges of adult and yearling males averaged 51.5 km2 (19.9 mi2) those of adult and yearling females averaged 5.3 km? (2.0 mi?), and varied from 3.4 to 87 km? (1.3 to 33.6 mi?) (Poelker and Hartwell 1973). In the San Bernardino Mts., home ranges of males varied from 7.4 to 53.6 km? (2.8 to 20.6 mi?), and averaged 22.4 km (8.6 mi?) (Novick 1979). Those of adult females averaged 3.6 km? (1.4 mi?), and varied from 1.8 to 4.4 km? (0.7 to 1.7 mi?) (Kelleyhouse 1975). Home Range: In northwestern California in summer, home ranges of adult males averaged 10.6 km? (4.1 mi?), and varied from 2.6 to 19.7 km? (1.0 to 7.6 mi?). Seasonal Movements / Migration: Commonly move seasonally to different habitats, including some altitudinal migration. Usually dormant in winter, although may be brief periods of activity. Species Life HistoryĪctivity Patterns: Mostly nocturnal and crepuscular some daytime activity. Riparian, deciduous, and lower seral stages provide grasses, forbs, and fruits. Pattern: Mature vegetation provides escape cover and specific habitat elements for denning, breeding, and feeding. Water: Black bears probably need drinking water when not in winter dormancy, or feeding heavily upon succulent forage. Usually in dense, mature vegetation on sheltered slopes. Reproduction: Young born in winter dens in hollow bases of trees, snags or stumps, in hollow logs, rock caves, or in holes dug in ground. These habitat elements must be in mature, dense vegetation, and on sheltered slopes for adequate denning. Black bears fish, dig, and climb trees for food they also graze, and pull branches of trees and shrubs to their mouth with forelimbs.Ĭover: Require large trees and various cavities and hollows in trees, snags, stumps, logs, uprooted trees, talus slopes, or in the earth for denning. ![]() They forage on the ground, and as high as they can reach in shrubs and trees. Black bears are seasonal specialists, feeding on grasses and forbs in early spring, insects and fruits (e.g., manzanita berries) in summer, and on acorns and other nuts and fruits in fall. They feed largely on grasses and forbs, fruits, nuts, insects, and carrion. Range Mapįeeding: Black bears are omnivorous. Occurs in fairly dense, mature stands of many forest habitats, and feeds in a variety of habitats including brushy stands of forest, valley foothill riparian, and wet meadow. Found in the North Coast Ranges, Cascades, Sierra Nevada, parts of the South Coast Ranges, and in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mts. Widespread, common to uncommon resident occurring from sea level to high mountain regions.
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